Major Constraints of Watershed Management Practices in Ethiopia and Ways Forward
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
70-76
Received:
21 July 2020
Accepted:
30 July 2020
Published:
10 August 2020
Abstract: Watershed management gives an opportunity for understanding and reconciling the interconnections among various land use systems. Watershed management has an old history that can be related to ancient mankind agricultural activities though the holistic way of conserving natural resources under watershed. There are various opportunities under watershed management such as jobs, getting benefits, conserving nature and reducing negative impacts together. However, there are challenges arises during implementing the watershed management in different watersheds. The challenges should be clearly identified and forwarding solution should be given for policy and decision makers in order to improve the successes and benefits of watershed management in Ethiopia. The aim of this review was to identify the constraints of watershed management measures in Ethiopia and provide ways forward in tackling the challenges. Watershed management was officially initiated and practiced in Ethiopia for five decades and some successes have been achieved and different degraded sites were changed to productive sites. However, the failure of different watershed management measures was observed across the country as a result of various constraints of watershed management in Ethiopia. Some of the major constraints of watershed management in Ethiopia are lack of awareness among policymakers, policy and strategy related constraints, socio-economic and biophysical constraints, capacity constraints, financial and incentive constraints and lack of community awareness. Some of the recommendations were given as follow: policy and strategies should be applied at a watershed level as it presented in the document; compressive technical capacity building training should be given to the local experts and extensionists and information center should be created for sharing data between concerned institutions and stakeholders about the technologies in watershed management practices.
Abstract: Watershed management gives an opportunity for understanding and reconciling the interconnections among various land use systems. Watershed management has an old history that can be related to ancient mankind agricultural activities though the holistic way of conserving natural resources under watershed. There are various opportunities under watersh...
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Population Growth and Land Use Land Cover Change Scenario in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
77-85
Received:
14 March 2020
Accepted:
18 June 2020
Published:
13 August 2020
Abstract: Land use and land cover change (LULC) is widespread, accelerating, and significant processes driven by human actions but also producing changes that impact humans. These changes can alter the availability of different biophysical resources including soil, vegetation, water, animal feed and finally it leads to a decreased availability of different products and services for human, livestock, agricultural production and damage to the environment as well. Understanding land use land cover change with relation to population growth at various scales is vital for development of management strategies to tackle further decline of natural resources. In connection to this, a seminar paper was done to assess the relationship between population growth and land use land cover change in Ethiopia. Recently published articles, books, proceedings, dissertations and government reports were used as a secondary data source for this review paper. The result reveals that in Ethiopia there were considerable LULC changes in the second half of 20th century particularly in the highland part of the country. Forest and woodlands coverage of the country was declined from 40% in the early 20th century to 15%. Similarly, the population was rapidly growing from 41.2 million in 1985 to 63.5 million in 2000 and it was reached 96.6 million in 2015. Based on these results it can be concluded that, LULC change and population change have a strong relationship; as population increases the need for cultivated land, grazing land, fuel wood; settlement areas also increases to meet the growing demand for food and energy, and livestock population. Similarly, rapid population growth exerts pressure on the existing land resources through increasing the demand for food, wood for fuel and construction purposes, and other necessities.
Abstract: Land use and land cover change (LULC) is widespread, accelerating, and significant processes driven by human actions but also producing changes that impact humans. These changes can alter the availability of different biophysical resources including soil, vegetation, water, animal feed and finally it leads to a decreased availability of different p...
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Article Review on Global Negotiations and Bargaining Strategies: Kyoto, Paris Agreement in Ethiopia Bule Hora University
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
86-93
Received:
2 June 2020
Accepted:
23 June 2020
Published:
25 August 2020
Abstract: Even though the climate change have a major impact on environment, human life and infrastructure over the world, for a long period little attention was given by world countries to mitigate this climate change and its impacts for a century. But in recent time due to highly increase of world temperature and frequent drought in several parts of the world including developing countries different world countries developed policy and signed different agreement on greenhouse reduction and to minimize the impact of climate change. The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to control emissions of the main anthropogenic (human-emitted) greenhouse gases (GHGs) in ways that reflect underlying national differences in GHG emissions, wealth, and capacity to make the reductions. There are different international negotiations and bargaining strategies on Kyoto, Paris agreement in order to reduce impact of climate change. Even though, different convention and agreement have has been signed on negotiations and bargaining strategies on Kyoto protocol agreement. None of these negotiation and agreement did not concrete solution on climate change impacts at global level. Due to this fact, in view of the above statements the review is interested to focus the international negotiations and bargaining strategies on Kyoto, Paris agreement and futures steps. Therefore, the specific objectives of this review paper are: To review the importance of the international negotiations on climate change To highlight policy implication to focus on negotiation and bargaining strategies on Kyoto, Paris agreement and futures step. Now a day’s one of the most challenges of the world is climate change. This challenge highly affect both developing and developed region of the world. Even though largest emitter of the greenhouse gases were developed countries for a long period they did not give attention for climate change. Recently since the issues of climate change is issues of the world, all international organizational and governments responding on climate in many different ways. One of the international responses on climate change is through Paris agreement. There are negotiations among different countries on adaptation and mitigation strategies of climate change.
Abstract: Even though the climate change have a major impact on environment, human life and infrastructure over the world, for a long period little attention was given by world countries to mitigate this climate change and its impacts for a century. But in recent time due to highly increase of world temperature and frequent drought in several parts of the wo...
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